Ad-free Sunday

No bulky ads today: instead, a couple YouTube links to churches who have Sunday services online.

Church of the Rock (Mark Hughes) - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVQxQBeMwzh2GffoWoBRjeg
Springs Church (Leon Fontaine) - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCM1LviWWBwbApUAQTLkXsKA

1. Anonymous on May 14, 2023 - click here to reply

   Hi Matt, great piece!
   
   I guess a lot of headaches could have been avoided if you found a board with more sata ports on it!
   
   On my end I never managed to get my chip beyond C3. I purposefully tried to reduce the amount of excess components (like those SATA controllers, I'd read about how hit and miss they could be).
   
   I'll double check my BIOS settings to make sure that I've enabled all the relevant things you mentioned in your piece.
2. Geert on May 22, 2023 - click here to reply

   Hi,
   Very interesting article, many thanks.
   So you don’t care about ECC, some say it’s a must for an always on server especially with ZFS.
   Also NVME’s seem to burn more fuel than SSD’s.
   I am looking for a frugal ECC motherboard but did not find anything yet, W680 boards are hard to get.
   In the meantime I am running Unraid on a J5040 Asrock board with two 1TB SSD’s in mirror and 3 mechanical WD’S that are sleeping most of the time.
   The system burns 19 watt at idle, its was 16-17 watt (C6) before adding an Asmedia Controller (4). I will replace the old seasonic PSU by Corsair soon.
   Regards
   Geert
3. Hamun on July 4, 2023 - click here to reply

   What OS did you use ?
   • Matt Gadient on July 4, 2023 - click here to reply

     Ubuntu Server 23.04
4. Anonymous on August 9, 2023 - click here to reply

   Amazing article Matt. This has inpired me a lot. Since there's no write up, what do you think about Gigabyte H470M DS3H with i5 for low power low profile media server with 30-40TB media?
   • Matt Gadient on August 9, 2023 - click here to reply

     I actually used it for a period of time as the NAS. As a media server the CPU would lack hardware AV1 decode, but aside from that I suspect it would be fine.
     
     Keep in mind that if the 2nd M.2 slot is populated, only 5 of the 6 SATA ports will work. If I recall correctly the BIOS on the H470M DS3H also hid a few options (like forcing IGPU or dedicated GPU) unless put in CSM mode. Additionally it would randomly hang on the boot screen with an error if I had an LSI SAS HBA installed, necessitating another restart attempt - regular SATA controllers worked fine though. Putting aside those weird little nuances, I found it to be reliable and it worked great and I quite like the board.
5. Robert on August 15, 2023 - click here to reply

   Hi Matt, thanks for the interesting read. I am trying to minimize power consumption on a NAS system with two 3,5'' HDDs and that is also running the OS and some virtual machines on two SSDs. With a Intel J4205 board I and 2 WD Red 6 TB the system crashes a few minutes after I set the HDDs to sleep. By crashing I mean everything is off and I need to repower the system. Did you ever encounter something like this? The system is running normally at 25 W, with the HDDs powered down it is at 15 W. Power supply is some 250 W I had flying around here. Is it possible, that the ATX power supply switches off due to small load?
   • Matt Gadient on August 15, 2023 - click here to reply

     Some older power supplies shut off if load is too low (some BIOS's actually have a setting for a dummy load to combat this). Some really old power supplies go out of voltage spec if load on a rail is very low. Power line fluctuations can be more problematic at very low loads as well.
     • Robert on August 22, 2023 - click here to reply

       Small update, I ordered a new 300W in the 50€ range. Fun fact, the power consumption is 1 W less than before, either due to higher efficiency or because the cooling fan is running less. The low power use case is also fine now.
6. Ahmed on August 30, 2023 - click here to reply

   ECC could be important to have for a system running 24/7 and handling important NAS data (regardless of using ZFS or not it is still a nice feature to have ECC for NAS).
   
   Do you plan to publish a similar article but for a system with ECC support and low idle power consumption that would still be compatible with Linux (I think low idle power consumption from AMD is not the best for Linux as an example).
   
   I am planning to make such a build soon myself and I would like to know if I should start making my build in the next month or two or maybe wait a bit to read your publications which would provide some useful in sites that can help me make a better educated decisions on the components choice.
   
   Nevertheless, thank you very much for the thoroughly written article. You did an impressive job here highlighting the important parts of building a very efficient low power NAS.
   • Matt Gadient on August 30, 2023 - click here to reply

     Nothing planned in the short term in regards to ECC. I generally just stick to Kingston memory and run it rigorously through Memtest86 and TestMem5 before putting it into use. Were it possible to get ECC in a current low-power low-cost platform I'd go for it, but for me it would be more of a nicety than a necessity.
     
     In any case, best of luck with your build!
7. Olivier on September 6, 2023 - click here to reply

   Hi Matt,
   Thanks for your very detailed and informative NAS articles!
   I'm putting mine together with an i3-10500T, 16GB and 4xHDD.
   For the power supply, I found an Antec EarthWatts 380W EA-380D (80+ Bronze) reconditioned for 25€. Is it worth it in your opinion? or is it too old?
   If you have another model to recommend, I'd love to hear from you. Thanks in advance.
   • Matt Gadient on September 6, 2023 - click here to reply

     I normally buy the Corsair RM or SF series these days due to their very good efficiency at idle. But those are a bit expensive. I've always liked the EA-380D power supplies a lot (though I recently gave one of my last ones away), so if that sits nicely in your budget I'd say go for it.
8. xblax on September 11, 2023 - click here to reply

   That article helped me to decide for a B760M-K D4 mainboard with i3-1200 for my home server upgrade after seeing here what low power consumption is possible. I upgraded from a FM2A88M-HD+ with AMD A4-4000 and was able to reduce idle power from 40W to 15W, which means the new hardware will basically pay for itself in a couple of years.
   
   I also got a 970 Evo Plus (2TB) as the boot drive and can confirm that it must be connected to the chipset in order to reach low package C-States (C8). What I found interesting is that the difference between package C3 and C8 was much bigger when then SSD is connected to the chipset. I believe that's because the chipset itself will only go into deep sleep states when all attached devices support ASPM and SATA Link Power Management is active.
   
   Connecting the SSD to the CPU PCIe did only increase power consumption by ~2W (Package C3 vs C8), while having not having ASPM on a device connected to the chipset seems to take additional 5W just for the chipset but has the same effect (C3) to the package C-State.
   
   One interesting thing worth noting is that I have a PCIe 1.1 DVB-C Capture card connected to the chipset. Even though ASPM is listed as a capability for the card by lspci and I booted the kernel with pcie_aspm=force it didn't get enabled for that card. I had to force-enable ASPM via setpci, see https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/users/documentation/aspm - seems to work without issues. That helped me reaching that 15W idle power. Unfortunately the capture card still takes ~5W, otherwise I currently only have 2x4TB HDD from Toshiba connected which spin down when idle.
   
   Btw. Sata Hot Plug must be disabled for all ports, or otherwise the package will only reach C6.
9. danwat1234 on September 15, 2023 - click here to reply

   Looks like you aren't a fan of USB-connected drives, could have used a hub or two and some enclosures. Good writeup!
10. Anonymous on September 22, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hey,
    
    Super great article, thanks for all these informations.
    
    I’m planning building my nas. As the power consumption is the main topic, what do you think about the following build (but I’m kinda a noob about the system and what’s possible and/or the limitation of such a low tdp chip) ?
    
    Asrock N100M micro ATX (with the new Intel® Quad-Core Processor N100 (up to 3.4 GHz) with a 6W tdp. As there are only 2 sata ports, the idea is to add a SAS HBA card with 8 additional SATA ports on the 1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 Slot. For the storage it would be 1 M2 (the one from the motherboard) for TrueNas OS, 2 SSD mirroring sata for VM, docker, … and 8 HDD Seagate EXO 7200 rpm drives as a final step (2 at the beginning and then evolving based on the need).
    
    For the power supply, a Seasonic Focus PX 550W - Modular 80+ Platinum ATX and finally a unique stick of 32GB of ram (non ECC).
    
    Many thanks in advance
    • Matt Gadient on September 22, 2023 - click here to reply

      I've actually considered the N100 recently, which seems to be the latest darling of the mini PC world. Only 1 memory channel on the N100 boards, but for the majority of situations where memory bandwidth isn't critical that's perfectly fine. The biggest issue I've found over the past few years is these ASRock onboard-CPU boards have gone up in price to the point where a cheap motherboard + CPU is often within reach, along with more PCI-E lanes, more onboard SATA, and similar power consumption as long as you can reach high c-states. But I'd snap up the ASRock N100 quickly if the price were right. Note that the x16 slot runs at x2 so you'll max out at 1GB/s throughput on a PCIe 2.0 card, and 2GB/s on a PCIe 3.0 card - unlikely you'd hit those speeds under normal usage anyway across a bunch of HDDs but it's something to be aware of on these boards.
      
      On the SAS HBA card, I'd suggest looking around to see what idle power consumption others are seeing on the specific card you're considering: the popular ones often pull a few watts while doing absolutely nothing. Not sure how *BSD handles the cards, but of the few that seem to have ASPM enabled by default, Linux eventually seems to disable it in the kernel at some point due to issues. That said, this is a situation where the ASRock N100 might fare better than a separate CPU/motherboard combo as I'd expect it to be less sensitive to c-state implications of an expansion card, though this is just a guess based on what I saw with my ASRock J4x05 boards and may not apply to N100.
      
      The Seasonic PX 550W looks like a great choice.
      
      Overall looks like a solid build!
11. paldepind on September 23, 2023 - click here to reply

    Thanks for a great post full of helpful information.
    
    Do you have any tips for identifying motherboards that can achieve low power usage? People sometimes recommend ITX motherboards but I haven't found any measurements about how many watts ITX vs ATX usually saves. Now, ITX wouldn't have worked for this build, but ATX doesn't seem to have been a significant source of power consumption anyway. In general, it seems very hard to figure out which motherboards are power-efficient and which are not?
    
    What do you mean with "the E-core silicon overhead" and why did you try to avoid it? I understand the CPUs with E-cores are probably more complex, but I would've thought that the E-cores could lead to lower power usage when the CPU is doing non-intensive tasks at low load.
    
    Again, thanks for the great info. I hope to be able to build a system with similar power efficiency. Right now I have a Gigabyte Z790 UD AX motherboard and an i5-13500 system that I can not get below 28W.
    • Matt Gadient on September 23, 2023 - click here to reply

      In terms of low power motherboards, my general rule of thumb is that lower component counts tend to result in lower power consumption. This is not a robust rule, but it usually holds up well enough here. A quick "sniff test" is looking at the number of power phases (something manufacturers advertise heavily): lots of phases running at high switching frequencies are great for hard core overclockers, but for low power we want few phases switched at such a low frequency that if it the motherboard has a MOSFET heatsink it's mostly decorative.
      
      The advantage to ITX is that it tends to limit the component count, but it's not strictly necessary - last week I actually repurposed the "Intel i3-10320 on a Gigabyte H470M DS3H" I mentioned at the beginning and got it down to 6 watts idle (headless, no keyboard, onboard Intel i219V 1GbE network only, c-states in BIOS, 3 Samsung SATA SSDs 840/860/870, Corsair RM850 power supply, Ubuntu Server with powertop). It's a very utilitarian motherboard. I won't do a separate write-up because the board is no longer available, but 6 watts on that MicroATX Gibabyte H470 board and 7 watts on the ATX ASUS H770 board in this write-up are my best 2 results so far and notably neither were ITX. Something else I just noticed: both these boards only have 6 power phases.
      
      As to the "E-core silicon overhead", a lot of details can be found at https://www.hwcooling.net/en/the-same-and-yet-different-intel-core-i5-12400-duel-h0-vs-c0/ , but I'll try to summarize. The i5-12400 comes with 6 P-cores and 0 E-cores enabled, commonly referred to as 6+0. However, it came in 2 variants: a "C0" stepping which was originally an 8+8 that had cores fused off to become a 6+0, and an "H0" stepping which was manufactured directly as an 6+0 and never had any E-core hardware inside to begin with. In the tests (page 5 of that article), the C0 used up to 16 watts more power than the H0 depending on the benchmark, including almost 11 watts more at idle. Now it's always possible their C0 sample had other contributing issues causing power leakage, or that there's some other variable at play, but either way the 2 chips that had physical E-Cores hardware inside didn't fare well in the idle test.
      
      Because I focus on extremely low idle consumption for most of my systems, I can't justify buying any of the combined P/E-core chips until I see some data that shows chips with E-cores doing under 10 watts idle. And I simply haven't yet. This is an area where Intel is very much under threat these days: the AMD Mini PCs are now getting down to about 6-7 watts idle power consumption for a Ryzen 9 7940HS ( https://youtu.be/l3Vaz7S3HmQ?t=610 ) and if AMD brings this type of APU design to the desktop side or someone like ASRock starts to package some of these impressive HS chips in a custom motherboard, Intel could quickly lose the low-idle-power market.
      • paldepind on September 27, 2023 - click here to reply

        Thanks a lot for the great reply 🙏. There's not a lot of info out there on this kind of stuff, so you sharing your knowledge is very valuable and appreciated.
        
        I can see that the motherboard I bought is probably not ideal (it advertises a lot of phases).
        • Matt Gadient on September 27, 2023 - click here to reply

          As for the phases, while I use it as a quick sniff test it's also not perfect: if your motherboard phases utilize very efficient MOSFETs it could outperform a motherboard with fewer but less-efficient MOSFETs at a given switching frequency. And there are certainly many other motherboard components that add variables to the situation. Point being that I'll bet there's a 6-phase motherboard out there somewhere that guzzles electricity and probably some 20-phase out there that allows for a sub 10 watt build, though I wouldn't expect it to be the common case.
          
          With that said, even if your board had a lot of inefficient MOSFETs, the 28 watt power consumption you said you're getting seems a bit high unless you've got some spinning rust or a PCIe card that guzzles power. Have you checked to see if you're hitting C6 or better power states? Recall that when I put the ASM1166 on the main PCIe slot I was limited to C2 and was consuming 22 watts.
          • paldepind on October 9, 2023

            Sorry for the late reply (I wasn't expecting one and I get no notifications). Good thing I needed to re-read some of the great info here
            
            You are indeed correct that the 28 W I shared was not as good as it could get. I made the mistake of thinking that unplugging the SATA cables from my HDDs would leave them powered off. As is obvious in hindsight, you also need to unplug them from the PSU. Additionally, I had a bunch of peripherals connected to the PC that I didn't realize would consume power (in particular a plugged-in monitor makes a big difference). After disconnecting all HDDs and all peripherals I get readings in the 8-10W range.
            
            To hopefully make this a useful data point for others I'll share some more details. The CPU is an i5-13500 in a Gigabyte Z790 UD AX motherboard. The only thing connected is a SATA SSD and a single stick of memory. The PSU is a 850W Corsair RM850x. The system reaches C8 and even C10. A few more things could be done to reduce the power draw. I was measuring while idling in GNOME (I assume having no DE running will save a tiny bit of CPU), I have two CPU fans that are running slowly even at low temps, the system is on WiFi (I assume ethernet consumes less power), and I haven't disabled case LEDs nor HD Audio.
            
            I'm now very happy with the level of power consumption. Perhaps, one takeaway is that Intel E-cores do not affect the idle power draw much, at least in this CPU. The only problem I have now is that the system is unstable and sporadically reboots 😭. I think I've narrowed the issue down to a faulty CPU or a faulty motherboard (I've tried replacing the PSU and memtest86+ says that the memory is fine). The company where I purchased the parts claims that both are fine, but unless I find another solution I'll try and replace the CPU and motherboard with some low-end parts: a 13th gen i3 and an Asus B760M-A motherboard. If that fixes the problem hopefully I'll be able to return the other parts, in the worst case I'll use the budget parts for a server and the higher-end parts for a workstation.
        • Jon on December 13, 2023 - click here to reply

          Hi paldepind,
          
          i have exactly same setup ( i5-13500 + Z790 UD AX), my boot drive is Samsung 990 pro 4TB
          and i have exactly same problem - sporadic reboots. Have you managed to find what is causing it?
          
          I've tried latest BIOS F9b as well as F5 and changing multiple BIOS settings, but so far nothing helps. My suspicion is that boot drive goes into some low power mode and as is unable to recover from it, but don't know how to prove it.
          • Daniel on December 13, 2023

            In your cases, do you have any events recorded in the system logs prior to the reset?
          • Jon on December 18, 2023

            Hello,
            
            there are no events before the crash, i also have netconsole configured - still nothing logged.
            With latest BIOS, default settings and 970 evo plus as boot device (no other disk attached) system seems stable, but unfortunately it draws 32W on average while idling which is not acceptable.
            
            Currently i'm changing one setting at a time and waiting for 12h+ in order to figure out what is really causing this and that takes a lot of time.
          • Matt Gadient on December 18, 2023

            This could be an entirely different scenario, but I had picked up the Gigabyte Z790 D DDR4 about a month ago and when attempting to compress a 1TB directory with about 1 million files from a RAIDZ array to a tar.zstd file another drive it would experience a random reboot within 30 mins. This happened over and over and over. Disabling C-States in the BIOS prevented the issue from occurring. Swapping all the hardware to the ASUS H770 board resulted in everything working correctly. I've bought many Gigabyte boards over the years - this was the first one I've had to return.
      • Daniel on November 14, 2023 - click here to reply

        I'm not sure the number of phases is a good indicator.
        
        I'm currently testing an ASUS TUF GAMING B760M-PLUS WIFI D4 (12+1 DrMos) and at idle, with the monitor and USB (mouse, keyboard) suspended, the power meter shows 6.7-8.1 W. The rest of the system:
        
        - i5 13500
        - 2 x 16 GB 3600 MHz (gear 1)
        - 1 TB KC 3000
        - RM550x 2021
        - 2 x 120 mm fans @ 450 rpm
        - audio codec on
        - WiFi off
        
        Arch Linux + RTL8125 module (my router does not support EEE)
        
        With the Realtek card disabled, the power meter shows 6.4 - 6.7 W
        
        PC states w/ LAN
        C2 (pc2) 0,7%
        C3 (pc3) 1,3%
        C6 (pc6) 41,1%
        C7 (pc7) 0,0%
        C8 (pc8) 0,0%
        C9 (pc9) 0,0%
        C10 (pc10) 55,8%
        
        PC states w/o LAN
        C2 (pc2) 0,6%
        C3 (pc3) 0,9%
        C6 (pc6) 0,0%
        C7 (pc7) 0,0%
        C8 (pc8) 0,0%
        C9 (pc9) 0,0%
        C10 (pc10) 97,8%
        
        I had similar results on a B660 AORUS MASTER DDR4 (16+1+1).
        • Daniel on November 16, 2023 - click here to reply

          I forgot to mention. Although the results are decent, I do not recommend this ASUS board - it is unstable at idle. I had several random shutdowns (sudden power cuts).
      • Wolfgang on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

        Thanks for the article Matt!
        
        I recently bought an i3-13100 (4+0) and an i3-13500 (6+8) to test out the "E-core overhead" claims I've seen online. I'm happy to report that the power consumption at idle is identical for both of these chips! Perhaps the elevated power consumption issue is unique to the i5-12400 C0, unfortunately I don't have one on hand to test.
        • Matt Gadient on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

          Good to hear, thanks for passing that along!
12. Dave on September 25, 2023 - click here to reply

    Please can you recommend a UPS with low idle power consumption? I've read that the idle power draw massively varies.
13. htmlboss on October 9, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hey thanks for this write-up Matt! I've been looking to build a low-power system to act as my personal cloud dev environment that I can SSH into from any PC (not a fan of the github codespaces pricing lol). A first skim of your research indicates this is a good starting point for me :)
    
    I'm currently running an off-lease quanta 1u that I grabbed off ebay just before covid hit and it's single-core performance is really showing its age. Also it idles at 80W >.<
14. Lukas on October 12, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi, thank you for great article!
    I would like to share my experience with my new 12—14 W PC.
    
    I just built fanless mini-ITX PC. Case is also a passive cooler - AKASA Maxwell Pro and inside is AMD Ryzen 5600G (Zen 3, 65W TDP), Gigabyte B550I AORUS PRO AX (bios FB), 1x 16GB DDR4 (I plan to upgrade to 2x32GB), 1x 2TB Samsung 980Pro m.2 SSD. It's powered by 12V AC/DC power supply from AKASA (max. 150W) and Inter-Tech MINI-ITX PSU 160 W.
    
    12—14W idle power consumption for whole PC under Windows 10 (measured on DC side, power plan is balanced, but I enabled ASPM, Pstates and C-states in bios and PCIe power saving in advanced setting in windows Power plan).
    Under load (Cinebench R23) 61—65W. Currently I'm doing undervolting to have better power consumption and temperatures.
    
    ----------
    
    my small home-lab & NAS has under 2W idle power consumption ‼️
    
    I recommend Odroid H3 (H3+) with BIOS 1.11 and Debian 11 + DietPi + kernel 6.0.0 (or newer) + applied tweaks via powertop it has idle power consumption only 1.2 — 1.5W (compared to 2.7W for RPi 4 - source) ⚡️(with my configuration: 1x 16GB RAM and 1x SATA SSD).
    
    See: https://i.ibb.co/7QD390m/H3-1-10-6-0-0-sata-idle.gif
    
    Max memory size is 64 GB RAM and it has 1x m.2 port, 2x SATA 3, and 2x LAN 2.5Gbps. It's much faster than Raspberry Pi 4 with lower power consumption in idle. In load it can consume 20W (+depends on connected devices).
    
    If you need more SATA ports then m.2 port can be expanded to 5x SATA using this: https://wiki.odroid.com/odroid-h3/application_note/m.2_to_sata_adapter
15. Martin on October 17, 2023 - click here to reply

    Thanks for a great article, some very useful info.
    
    I'm currently struggling with getting my new NAS to use less than 40W at idle with no data drives, and I can for the life of me not understand why it's using that much. My gaming desktop idles at less.
    
    It's an Asrock H670M-ITX/ac with an i3-12100, 8GB RAM, be quiet 400W PSU. Originally used a Kingston NV2 NVMe for OS, but found that replacing it with a SATA SSD decreased idle power by about 10W (50W->40W).
    
    According to powertop, cores get into C7 no problem, but package refuses to leave C2. Not sure how important that is.
    
    I'll keep working at it, with your article as reference. :)
    • Matt Gadient on October 17, 2023 - click here to reply

      The package C-states make the difference. Steps I generally take: (1) remove anything and everything connected to a PCIE slot, (2) ensure C-States are enabled in BIOS, with the highest C-state selected (usually C10 but only C6-C8 on some motherboards), (3) start trial-and-erroring BIOS settings until you find the culprit. I usually use a Ubuntu USB stick for testing as sometimes you can get weird edge-case OS things with a live install (Debian Testing recently thwarted one of my attempts).
16. nice on October 28, 2023 - click here to reply

    Thank you I get to c10 normally after configuring that build with proxmox. However, in the recent Ubuntu 23.10 we only reach c3 if it's a kernel problem. I wonder if other people are like that, too
    • Dan on November 2, 2023 - click here to reply

      I too have found this issue. After many frustrating hours and days of testing, I have narrowed it down a little. I use archlinux and after booting with every monthly live usb I see that my system cannot reach a deeper package c-state than c3 after kernel 6.4.7. This equates to about 7-9 watts more draw than c8. It may not be the kernel but a package within the archlinux liveusb. Not sure where to go from here. Any ideas from anyone on how to narrow this down would be welcome.
      
      Matt,
      Your articles inspired me so I purchased the same motherboard ( prime h770 plus d4 ) and similar processor etc. I was able to reach 12-14w minimum. Happy with that for now but the additional 8w due to the package not reaching c8 anymore has been very frustrating, have you seen anything similar in your build?
      • Matt Gadient on November 2, 2023 - click here to reply

        Very interesting. It's looking like the issue I hit in Debian might not have been an isolated edge-case as I'd thought: A little over a month ago, I swapped the motherboard/CPU with my desktop system, installed Debian 12, upgraded to Debian trixie/testing and was hitting what now seems to be the same C-state issues you both have. Using a Ubuntu USB stick, c-states worked correctly. I didn't have time to start diagnosing, so I simply reinstalled Debian 12 bookworm/stable (currently running kernel 6.1) which allowed C8.
        • Matt Gadient on November 2, 2023 - click here to reply

          As a follow-up, today I updated Debian 12, resulting in the kernel being updated from 6.1.0-12-amd64 to 6.1.0-13-amd64. Upon reboot I was stuck at C3. Reverting to 6.1.0-12 restored C8. It's really starting to look like we may be seeing a kernel bug/regression that is evidently being backported into older kernels. In the 6.1 branch it looks like maybe somewhere between 6.1.52 and 6.1.55 . No idea if anyone's submitted bug reports or if it's been fixed in mainline, and I don't have time to sift through the changelogs at the moment but if it doesn't get resolved I'll eventually have to dig into it I suppose.
          • tseting on November 5, 2023

            https://www.realtek.com/en/component/zoo/category/network-interface-controllers-10-100-1000m-gigabit-ethernet-pci-express-software
            Several investigations have shown that it is a drive problem with RealTekLAN. If you download and install drivers for the 8125 chipset from the Realtech site, you can reach c10 as before.
17. Marc Gutt on November 4, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi Matt,
    you should consider a different PSU like the Corsair RM550x (2021) or BeQuiet 12M 550W. The Corsair is the best for low power setups, but extremely hard to get. It will reduce the power consumption even further (2 to 4 watts).
    This and other tweaks are mentioned in this topic:
    https://forums.unraid.net/topic/98070-reduce-power-consumption-with-powertop/
18. Dan on November 6, 2023 - click here to reply

    I can confirm that installing the Realtek r8125 driver to the latest from the Realtek website solved the problem for me. My system now reaches the c8 state once more. Not sure it ever reaches c10, but the bios says it is supported. Can anyone advise how to check for c10?
    • Matt Gadient on November 7, 2023 - click here to reply

      To check for C10, since powertop updates slowly you can leave powertop running while the display sleeps, wait a minute or so, then wake the display and see if powertop shows any percentage in C10. Alternately, SSH into the machine and run powertop when the display is asleep.
      • Dan on November 9, 2023 - click here to reply

        Thanks Matt, ssh into machine confirmed c10. Trying now to get lower than 12w. Tried everything in bios, so the culprits are psu, dram power/timings, and possibly the power meter (can’t get a killa-watt meter in the uk, but I think mine is equivalent). Cheers
19. Matt Gadient on November 6, 2023 - click here to reply

    Thanks to those who passed along the Realtek network adapter details in regards to the c-states. The cause is the following patch which seems to have been pushed out to 6.x kernels built on or after Sept 13 2023: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/diff/drivers/net/ethernet/realtek/r8169_main.c?id=v6.1.53&id2=v6.1.52
    
    Sadly, this was an intentional change to the Realtek driver contained in the kernel. It ensures that L1 is disabled on virtually every Realtek adapter, seemingly in response to a number of Realtek adapters experiencing stability issues when these low power states are enabled. On my current test system, this results in a 4 watt power increase at idle with the screen slept as the system no longer goes beyond C3.
    
    Trying the Realtek driver that was linked by Tseting is likely to be the easiest workaround for now, though I have no idea how it will fare on unsupported kernel versions and I'm personally not a huge fan of kernel modules. I'll paste it here for convenience: https://www.realtek.com/en/component/zoo/category/network-interface-controllers-10-100-1000m-gigabit-ethernet-pci-express-software
    
    There is of course a harder workaround - for those familiar with compiling the kernel, reverting the change in the diff above will restore L1/L1.1 on RTL8168h/8111h, RTL8107e, RTL8168ep/8111ep, RTL8168fp/RTL8117, and RTL8125A/B devices (anything older already had it disabled) - if you want to allow L1.2 you can force rtl_aspm_is_safe() to return true, though on my test system it didn't provide any benefit over L1.1.
    
    Unless the kernel devs have a change of heart here, it looks like Intel NICs may be the only viable option moving forward. Intel 1G NICs have generally been very solid. Worryingly, I found that disabling the Realtek NIC on my MSI board doesn't completely detach it (still stuck at C3) so buying a board with a Realtek NIC with plans to disable it and use an Intel network expansion card may be risky. Worth noting that moving forward there is a flag vendors can set on an 8125A/B adapter to indicate L1.2 is tested and allowed which the linux kernel will respect, but I don't know if it's made it into any motherboards or expansion cards.
20. SaveEnergy on November 12, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hello,
    thanks for the detailed information you shared.
    Your setup has inspired me and I have purchased the "Prime h770-plus" including 4800 DDR Ram.
    Unfortunately I also have problems with NVME SSD's when aspm is enabled in the bios (and PCI express clock gating). The workarounds to block certain power saving modes of the WD's did not help. Tried the SN750 (1tb) and the SN850X(2tb).
    Can you still recommend the Crucial P3 or does it also regularly fail with reference to ASPM problems?
    
    Who has what other NVME on the board running reliably with ASPM enabled?
    
    Do you run the setup productively in continuous operation?
    
    Additionally, I have found that an 840pro (256gb) at least on SATA1 prevents the system from going lower than C3. A Crusial Force GT (128GB), on the other hand, works up to C8.
    I got around the problem with the Realtek NIC by removing the check in the kernel.
    Thank you and best regards
    • SaveEnergy on November 13, 2023 - click here to reply

      Hello,
      I have now tried a Samsung 990 pro. Unfortunately this still leads to the already known nvme aspm errors.
      Does anyone else have any ideas?
      It can't really be the power supply (I would find that very strange), because a Corsair cx 750 is being used here temporarily.
      If nothing helps, does anyone have a good alternative board?
      Somehow I put my foot in my mouth too often when it comes to hardware ;-(.
21. jit-010101 on November 14, 2023 - click here to reply

    As to:
    
    "I guess a lot of headaches could have been avoided if you found a board with more sata ports on it!"
    
    That's not true by default - because it comes down to what SATA-Controller is used and/or how these Ports are connected. Chances are high that its using an onboard controller, and specifically for the N5105 there's a wide known NAS-Variant with 6-SATA Ports floating around sold by Kingnovy and Topton.
    
    The Black one uses JMS585 and the Green PCB one uses ASM1166 - black is stuck with C3 and Green can go down to C8 (verified myself because I do have the green variant). If I would need anything more then a backup server, then I'd go the route here - with an much more powerfull Intel on LGA1700.
    
    A good example of how low you could go with idle power consumption is the Odroid H3 - <2W idle with 2x HDDs via SATA in Spindown ... however as soon as you add (the wrong) components that will accelerate quickly - check the power consumption stats here:
    
    https://github.com/fenio/ugly-nas
    
    TLDR: In the end its sipping more power then your build here - and I have to add that I previously owned an Odroid H2, which fried their 5V lane and pulled the (expensive) SSDs with it ... every since then I'm staying away for the absolute maximum of the lowest power consumption in exotic combinations like the Odroid H3.
    
    I'd say in the end it all comes down to - how practical everything is vs the power consumption levels.
    
    That said I'm impressed with this build here - 7W idle with a 750W PSU is quite something.
22. Frederik on November 18, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi Matt, I read your article multiple times and am quite impressed with knowledge that is found in the post and the comments.
    I am currently upgrading my home server from j3455 to 11400.
    While switching hardware I found a strange issue:
    I5-11400+2x8Gb 2666 ddr4 +ASUS Prime B560M-A (latest bios) +asm1166.
    
    
    If I boot from USB without any sata drives attached package C state reaches c8.
    If I boot from USB with a SATA drive attached to the onboard sata controller package c state only reaches C2 (+4W).
    If I boot from USB with a SATA drive attached to an pcie asm1166 package c state reaches c8.
    
    So to me it seems the b560 SATA controller seems to have problems with power saving. Even if I have L1 enabled for everything and ran powertop tune it will not go below c2.
    
    Do you have an idea what could cause the b560 SATA controller cause 4w more?
    • Matt Gadient on November 18, 2023 - click here to reply

      Not sure. Onboard SATA on that board should be from the Intel chipset and you mention you have L1 enabled for everything. The first things I'd try:

      • Check that SATA Link State Power Management is enabled (on my H770 it's under Advanced/PCHStorageConfiguration/AggressiveLPMSupport)
      • The ASUS Prime B560M-A motherboard page states the SATA_2 port shares bandwidth with the M.2_2 slot. I don't know how this is handled internally but if you're plugged into SATA_2, try one of the other SATA ports on the motherboard
      • Disable SATA Hot Plug (xblax mentioned this above)
      • Try another SSD if you have one around to see if there's a difference (SaveEnergy mentioned this above)
      • Frederik on November 20, 2023 - click here to reply

        Hi Matt, Thanks for your input! I tried the following, but not succesfull. The board is still burning 4-5W because of C2.
        In the end it could be cheaper longtime to add another ASM1166 instead of the onboard controller. :D
        
        

        Check that SATA Link State Power Management is enabled (on my H770 it's under Advanced/PCHStorageConfiguration/AggressiveLPMSupport)

        
        This is enabled, I also tried with disabled, but it did not change power consumption or C-States. (leaving it enabled for now)
        
        

        The ASUS Prime B560M-A motherboard page states the SATA_2 port shares bandwidth with the M.2_2 slot. I don't know how this is handled internally but if you're plugged into SATA_2, try one of the other SATA ports on the motherboard

        
        In the BIOS I am able to specifiy if M.2_2 is using SATA or PCIE. According to BIOS and Manual, SATA6G_2 is only blocked if M.2_2 is set to SATA.
        But I have connected the ASM1166 in M.2_2 and configured it as PCIE. I confirmed that all onboard SATA ports work as expected with this setting.
        
        

        Disable SATA Hot Plug (xblax mentioned this above)

        
        Hotplug is disabled for all Ports by default. I enabled it to see if it changes something, but it did not. Leaving it on Disabled for now.
        
        

        Try another SSD if you have one around to see if there's a difference (SaveEnergy mentioned this above)

        
        I booted from USB and tried different devices: 2x SSDs (Emtec and older Samsung), 2x 3.5" HDDs (WD and Seagate) and even 1x LG DVD Burner.
        It seems that it doesnt matter what kind of deviecs is attached.
        
        
        It is always the same, as soon as I connect a devices over SATA onboard C2 is maximum.
        To verify this I booted from USB Stick with SATA devices attached, and then unplugged all of them while booted.
        As soon as the last sata device is physically disconnected from the live system it will go to pc6 immediately and pc8 short after.
        
        When reconnecting all SATA devices it stays in PC6/8 but also dmesg does not recognize the replug (most likely because of hotplug disabled)
        I will crawl through dmesg boot logs, maybe something interesting pops up.
23. Anonymous on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi, I'm on a system with ASRock H610M-ITX and i3-12100, and the ASM1166 M.2 adapter I have does not seem to be recognized even after I've flashed the firmware from SilverStone. From the spec sheet of H610m-ITX it seems the M.2 slot is connected to the chipset. Is there anything that I can do at this point?
    • Matt Gadient on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

      Not sure. I'd reseat it first just in case the connection is being quirky and/or temporarily pop in an NVMe SSD and/or double check that nothing in the BIOS is disabling that slot. Next I'd verify it's working correctly in another system with a drive connected, and then double check that the firmware updated correctly. If that checks out, to determine whether it's specific to that M.2 slot on your motherboard, I'd try putting the ASM1166 on a PCIe M2 adapter (currently about $3 USD from Aliexpress or $10 USD shipped from Amazon) and install to the main PCIe slot - I've used the x1 and x4 variants and they're quite handy.
      • Anonymous on January 31, 2024 - click here to reply

        I finally got around to try using an PCIE M.2 adapter on the CPU x16 slot, it works but the package state only stays at C2, just like what you have found. Oh well, looks like I won't be able to utilize some of the hard drive bays in my NAS case.
    • baegopooh on January 25, 2024 - click here to reply

      I have a same problem here with asrock z170-itx fatal1ty / asm1166 m.2 sata controller.
      -m.2 slot of mobo works(tested with m.2 ssd)
      -sata controller works (tested with m.2-pcie adapter&x16 slot of the mobo and m.2 slot of another minipc)
      But with asm1166 connected to m.2 slot, nothing show up with bios or lspci.
      
      So it looks like asrock board have some problem.
      Don't know how to proceed from further
      • Matt Gadient on January 25, 2024 - click here to reply

        Definitely seems like it might be a strange issue related to ASRock as you suggested and/or an issue with that M.2 slot. I took a quick look through the manual for that motherboard and didn't see anything BIOS-related that looked like it might apply. If it were me I might try turning CSM on/off just for the heck of it (sometimes it affects weird things), but I wouldn't be optimistic.
      • baegopooh on February 7, 2024 - click here to reply

        Disabling CSM completly made boot fail with 5 beep(something wrong with gpu). enabling cm and disabling storage oprom didn't help.
      • Anonymous on March 26, 2024 - click here to reply

        Interestingly Wolfgang from Wolfgang's Channel got the ASM1166 M.2 adapter to work in an ASRock N100DC-ITX board, with the system being able to hit C8 power state. All the PCIe lanes on that board should be coming directly from the N100.
        https://youtu.be/-DSTOUOhlc0?t=254
24. Walter on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

    hi Matt, thanks for the best and most detailed explanation on how to do this. I bought the ASUS Prime H770-Plus D4 for $99 on amazon yesterday to replicate your setup, delivery in a couple of weeks and I wanted to ask you if the Intel i5-12400 is still the CPU you would recommend at this time. I am asking because you mention that you already had the CPU (although it was carefully chosen at the time for a different project). I need to buy a CPU specifically for this and would like the most powerful one assuming it would idle at low power anyway.
    
    Also, one thing I don't understand in general, if I use the home server as a NAS but also as my router, would that prevent reaching high c states at idle given that it would always have to do some work? I have a gigabit connection and I am currently using openwrt on a pi4 but with qos enable I can get half download speed.
    
    Thanks again.
    • Matt Gadient on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

      At least a couple people in the comments are using the i5-13500 and have been hitting the low power marks. It's got a higher turbo frequency, more cache, and 8 e-cores. So given that you're looking for the most powerful CPU while hitting low idle power, I suspect that might be a better option. It's possible some of the faster processors would be perfectly fine too, but obviously you're looking at spending a heftier chunk of cash to find out for certain and I'm not sure the ASUS H770 would handle the high power demands during turbo.
      
      As for being a router, I'm not sure although it's something I hope to test out within the next couple weeks. Currently I've got the ole ASRock/Intel J4005B-ITX running OpenWRT here as a router but the motherboard limit on it is C6 (though it spends 88-92% of time there after powertop with typical home traffic including a YouTube stream I tested just now). The thing's powered by one of my old Antec PSUs, and it reliably sits at a constant 10 watts.
      
      

      ---

      EDIT/UPDATE Dec 13: Just to follow up, I did a bit of testing with the Asus H770 + i3-12100 + Intel i350-4T running OpenWRT in a systemd-nspawn container running privileged with SYSTEMD_SECCOMP=0. Results are a bit messy.
      
      Doing nothing, it would be in C10 90-95% of the time.
      
      TEST A: Handling just 1 device watching YouTube, 90% C10. Connected to very light household traffic (spiky with under 3Mbit/s average) it sat in C10 for 80-90% of the time. Downloading from one of my web servers which caps the rate at 4MB/s (roughly 32Mbit/s) it dropped to around 50-60% range in C10.
      
      TEST B: Running iperf tests from an exterior VPS to a local machine (forwarding a port):
      - 0Mbps = approx 82% C10 (household traffic only)
      - 1Mbps = approx 73% C10
      - 5Mbps = approx 61% C10
      - 10Mbps = approx 58% C10
      - 20Mbps = approx 30% C10
      - 30Mbps = approx 12% C10
      ...it hit 0 at just over 40Mbps.
      
      TEST C: Interestingly, passing through the router between 2 local networks (no NAT, just forwarding) offered different results:
      - 0Mbps = approx 82% C10 (household traffic only)
      - 1Mbps = approx 82% C10
      - 5Mbps = approx 80% C10
      - 10Mbps = approx 74% C10
      - 20Mbps = approx 70% C10
      - 30Mbps = approx 64% C10
      ...it hit 0 at just over 70Mbps.
      
      Since I'm in an nspawn container, I wasn't able to try software flow offloading in the firewall section of OpenWRT to see if it would soften the impact in tests A and B - it's quite possible that the "flow offloading" it does would bring the results closer to test C. Also possible that IPv6 might do better in tests A and B by skipping NAT, though the impact of smaller-but-more packets could always throw a wrench into things.
      
      So far as I can tell, the takeaway here is that there's some degree of traffic the computer can handle as a firewall while still finding opportunities to sleep. But if it's being kept awake... other options start to look enticing too. I just tested the Intel J4005 again (plugged into nothing but a monitor) and it sits at 9-10W in OpenWRT even if C-States are disabled, and I suspect the J5xxx series would be similar (no idea about N100). If some oomph is needed, my Ryzen 5600G does 22-23W on a Ubuntu LiveDVD with C-states disabled. Both of those start to look equally attractive any time Alder Lake loses it's C-State advantage in my view.
      
      

      ---

      EDIT/UPDATE Dec 15: Bare metal, configured Debian as a router. TEST B was nearly identical except time in C10 was +6% for each item - still hit the hard wall just over 40Mbps. Flow tables didn't help.
      
      Test C fared a bit better, with the final numbers being:
      - 70Mbps = approx 70% C10
      - 75Mbps = approx 60% C10
      - 80Mbps = 0% C10 (hit a hard wall here)
      
      When I enabled flow tables for Test C, I eeked out a little bit more:
      - 80Mbps = approx 60% C10
      - 85Mbps = approx 45% C10
      - 90Mbps = 0% C10 (hit a hard wall here)
      
      TEST D: To test the impact of an increasing number of connections, I fired up a torrent client and added a bunch of torrents with a capped global download speed of 1MB/s.
      - 0 connections = approx 80% C10 (household traffic only)
      - 16 connections = varied 36-39% C10
      - 32 connections = varied 33-35% C10
      - 64 connections = varied 26-29% C10
      - 128 connections = varied 21-29% C10
      - 256 connections = approx 20% C10
      - 512 connections = approx 15% C10
      - 1024 connections = approx 5% C10
      ...I tried flow tables at various points. No positive difference.
      
      I came across a few interesting discoveries along this journey.
      
      First, flow tables didn't help much at all. If anything, it seemed that online speed tests seemed to peak a bit less. Maybe it's something specific to the Intel i350-T4 I used (in a Debian bare metal H770 and an OpenWRT bare metal J4005).
      
      Second, OpenWRT in a container wasn't a pleasant experience. I had weird issues cropping up where some connections were solid and others struggled. Perhaps with enough tweaking and coaxing it could be made to work smoothly. I found that a VM ate 2-2.5% CPU full-time on a bare install and wasn't easy on the C-states so I didn't chase that one further.
      
      Third, and this is very obscure and likely specific to the ASUS H770 or perhaps my combination of hardware or perhaps even the linux kernel I ran... if the built-in Realtek NIC was enabled in the BIOS but was NOT activated (via a systemd-networkd .network file), having another network card installed and activated caused the system to spend 50% of the time in C3. By "activated", I mean even something as simple as a [Match]name=X with the rest being empty. I tried an i210, i340 and i350. When using the i350-T4, I noticed that a corresponding SMBUS item in powertop also disappeared after I'd disabled the onboard NIC and moved the card to the second PCIEx1 slot. Sometimes it seems like ASUS has some gremlins running around on the PCIE bus.
25. Walter on December 1, 2023 - click here to reply

    thanks a lot, I'll get the I-5-13500 and will report back the results in a few weeks once I collect all the parts.
26. tom on December 7, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hello,
    
    I followed your build and bought the same motherboard with a i3-13100 cpu.
    I have one issue that I can't resolve and I don't know where / what to look for.
    
    I have installed ubuntu 22.04 and tried with 23.04 but the issue is still the same :
    
    Whenever I tried to ping http://www.google.com I have an issue AS SOON AS I remove my keyboard and mouse:
    - either "ping sendmsg no buffer space available" with drivers r8168
    - or "pcie link is down" with drivers r8125
    
    I have removed every power management option I could find.
    I tried to plug in another usb device.
    
    Any clues ?
    • Matt Gadient on December 7, 2023 - click here to reply

      Not sure. Really strange that USB devices would impact the network. To gather more information, these are the things I'd try:

      1. Check output of "dmesg" for any associated events.
      2. See if it happens when booting via the 22.04/23.04 LiveCD or if it's only post-install.
      3. Try Ubuntu 23.10 (I *think* the release version shipped with the kernel that disabled ASPM on the RTL8125) - either LiveCD or install depending on results of #1.
      4. Try a different set of USB ports, do 1 at a time to narrow down whether it's keyboard or mouse (or both), try a different brand keyboard/mouse to see if it makes a difference.
      5. Unplug/replug the network cable to see whether the network comes back up or if it's down for good.
      6. Disable "F1 for error" in the BIOS and try booting to the OS without keyboard/mouse plugged in, then see what happens when it's plugged in and unplugged.
      7. If you have a PCIe network card around (ideally non-Realtek for this test), see if it suffers from the same issue.

      Perhaps someone else who has hit the same issue will reply. This isn't a situation I'd have encountered as I ended up leaving my keyboard plugged in (eventually swapping to a wireless keyboard which didn't mind being slept by powertop). Could always be a weird issue with defective hardware.
      • tom on December 10, 2023 - click here to reply

        Tried everything but nothing changes, Gonna send it back and try another one.
27. Rishi on December 7, 2023 - click here to reply

    Thanks for the write up - I thought I would share my findings.
    
    CPU: i5-12600K
    PSU: Corsair RM750e
    NVMe: Samsung 980 Pro
    RAM: 2x16 GB DDR5
    OS: Ubuntu 23.04 Server (running off USB)
    
    I initially bought a ASRock B760M Pro RS. After tuning the BIOS and even after force-ably enabling ASPM on the Realtek card, I couldn't get lower the PC-3. My total wattage was about ~15 watts. Not terrible but this machine was for a new home server that would be 24x7 and knew it could be better. I emailed ASRock, as their BIOS does not explicitly setting PC state values, it just has a tri-state of Auto, Enabled and Disabled, on if they plan on adding support and heard nothing back. So I was done with them.
    
    I returned the ASRock and switched to a ASUS Prime B760-M-A. I configured the BIOS and ran powertop. ASPM L1 was working on the Realtek without user changes. I was at about 11 watts. After unplugging the DP cable and USB wireless KB/mouse it dropped down to 7.2 watts. Awesome! It was able to down to PC10 and the system seems very stable. Pretty incredible how far desktop computers have come for power usage.
    • Paul on March 12, 2024 - click here to reply

      Thanks for making this post! I was wondering if K-series CPUs could be used in a power-efficient build. In my country the 12600K is way cheaper than non-K variant.
28. SaveEnergy on December 14, 2023 - click here to reply

    With my h770 plus (ddr5) c8 is also reached when the SSD is in the CPU assigned nvme slot. After I had problems with my Samsung and WD ssd's, I am now with "SK hynix Platinum P41", which runs stable so far. Unfortunately I am currently back to c3 due to a network card from logilink (dual port) :-(. I'm currently trying to order an xl710-qda from China *g, but I'm not sure if it makes sense.
29. etnicor on December 17, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hello,
    just did a build with an Asus Prime b760M d4 build and had exactly the same findings on my motherboard. Have contacted Asus too see if they have any feedback regarding the cpu connected pci/m2 slot. I get to C6 when having an intel I226-v in x16 slot and a samsung 970 evo in cpu m2 slot.
    
    However my X710-da2 network card I have to run in x4 slot since if used in x16 package c-state goes only to c2/c3.
    
    I have no issues with my i226-v nic.
    
    My usecase was to build a low power 10 gigabit router. Currently running OPNsense, but may switch to Vyos for lower system load.
    • baegopooh on February 6, 2024 - click here to reply

      Trying to reach deep c-state(at lest c6) with 2.5g or 10g nic in cpu-connected x16 slot here.
      I tried with
      1. intel x520-da2(board from china), which does not support aspm
      2. melanox connectx4(board from china), which support aspm but only allow c3
      3. randome i226 nic from china-which support aspm, but can't enable aspm
      
      So. can you let me know exact model or where you bought your i226v-nic please?
      • etnicor on February 15, 2024 - click here to reply

        Hello,
        I used this one. https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005005929535264.html
        • baegopooh on February 16, 2024 - click here to reply

          thanks a lot. will try.
30. Tony on December 23, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi Matt,
    
    I'm sure you've heard this before but thank you for your informative posts and time.
    100% new to this all and it's a bit overwhelming to be honest, but the thought of owning a server is incredibly appealing. I approached this all exactly as I did when I started out pc building, a bunch if youtube videos, read a bunch of articles and sort of muddle my way through. Researching server builds it's immediately apparent you actually need to know what you're doing and reading your articles makes this even more starker.
    
    What are your suggestions for a plex/jellyfin server, always on, low power, full transcoding capabilities. Folks either seem high or low on products like synology and QNap which gives me pause. Thanks once again
    • Matt Gadient on December 23, 2023 - click here to reply

      Personally I'd actually hang off a little while if possible and see how the Ryzen 8700G does power-wise when it comes out - if idle consumption is better than the 5x00G series was it could become a strong contender. Beyond that, I haven't tested my 12100/12400 in transcoding tasks and don't have much specific to offer there beyond a vague awareness that you get 2 codec engines once you reach the 12500 (compared to 1 in weaker models). Maybe someone else will be willing to chime in with some recent experiences and observations though.
31. JT on December 23, 2023 - click here to reply

    Check your Board, on mine the Intel Network-Chip wouldn't let my system go in deeper C-States (i226-V) looks like its still buggy.
32. Alex on December 31, 2023 - click here to reply

    Hi Matt,
    
    Thanks for the great write-up! This year I have built myself a low-powered NAS to replace my pre-built QNAP TS-351 (Intel J1800) and a Gigabyte Brix J4105. My requirements were that this new system needed to consume less power on average than both of those systems combined and have far supirior performance. With the help of your (previous) articles, the Dutch Tweakers forum, the German Hardwareluxx forum, the unRAID forum and some other sources I came up with the following:
    
    - Intel i5-13500
    - Gigabyte B760M GAMING X DDR4
    - Crucial Pro CP2K16G4DFRA32A
    - be quiet! Pure Power 12 M 550W
    - 1x Toshiba MD04ACA50D 5TB (from my NAS)
    - 2x Toshiba MG07ACA14TE 14TB (from my NAS)
    - Crucial P1 1TB (NVMe)
    - Samsung 980 1TB (NVMe)
    - Crucial BX500 1TB (backup connected through USB)
    - Transcend SSD230S 2TB (SATA SSD)
    - Philips OEM USB2.0 drive (boot drive)
    
    With this setup I currently run almost 50 Docker containers with various applications and databases and I can reach 17W from the wall at idle. Everything spun down and no services accessed, except SSH. Which I'm pretty pleased with. Package C8 can be reached, especially when most applications aren't doing much or when I stop them. When I stop everything I can reach 11W at the lowest on unRAID.
    
    Another thing I (and several others) have noticed on Intel 600/700 was that using USB2.0 Serial devices like Zigbee or Z-Wave devices increased power consumption by a lot. Something like 5-7W. I currently use ser2net on a Pi to circumvent this. I reached out to Gigabyte and Intel but both denied that this was an issue.
    
    I also utilize E-cores for most apps as this saved me 1-2W on average. Some goes for system processes which I tend to move to those cores with taskset. Which seems to go over pretty good.
    
    Regarding the Realtek NIC, I recently tried the 'native' Realtek driver that's available in the apps store but that disabled L1 completely for me. Resulting in an additional 4W. Reverting to the kernel one and forcing L1 with: `echo 1 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:04\:00.0/link/l1_aspm` works.
    
    If you have any questions, you can always reach out. Have a great new years <3!
    • Matt Gadient on January 1, 2024 - click here to reply

      Looks like a great setup, appreciate you passing along the details. I was actually unaware of the /sys/bus/pci/devices/$DEVICELOC/link/l1_aspm setting - thanks for this. Just tried it with the RTL8125 on my MSI board and it works great - much easier to just set this at boot instead of building a custom kernel. Unfortunately the RTL8168 on the older Gigabyte H110N here doesn't seem to have that sysfs setting exposed so it will continue getting the custom kernel treatment until I get the chance to swap in an Intel i210 (which despite being 1Gbit is now slightly more expensive than the 2.5Gbit Intel i225 on AliExpress).
      • Jon on January 9, 2024 - click here to reply

        A slightly easier way to get to the ASPM L1 setting for the network interface is `/sys/class/net//device/link/l1_aspm` where `` is the network interface name like `enp1s0`.
        • Matt Gadient on January 9, 2024 - click here to reply

          That is definitely easier than iterating through all the PCI devices as I'd been doing in my script. Thanks Jon.
    • Wojtek on January 6, 2024 - click here to reply

      Hi Alex,
      
      How is a stability of this build so far? I’m thinking of getting same cpu mobo combo but i’m worried it will be unstable at iddle, which will defeat my purpose of retiring my old xeon system.
      
      Regards,
      Wojtek
33. Vaclav VESELY on January 3, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hi Matt. Do you have an RSS or Atom feed on this site? I can't find it but I want to follow your site.
    • Matt Gadient on January 3, 2024 - click here to reply

      Unfortunately not at this time.
34. voltron4lyfe on January 11, 2024 - click here to reply

    Thank you for this article, although I will have to admit I feel a bit defeated. I was never able to get above C3 or below 20W. All C-State references are to the pakcage state. The Core state seems to be much more in the C10 range.
    
    My setup:
    
    I5-12500
    Asrock B660M Steel Legend
    64GB DDR4-3200 Corsair LPX
    2xNVME drives (1 SK Hynix Gold P31, 1 TeamGroup)
    ASM1064 PCI-Express 3x1 to 4 SATA adapter"
    Realtek 2.5G NIC
    3x120mm Fans.
    Proxmox 8 w/ Linux 6.5.11 kernel. Powersave governor enabled.
    
    I tried to strip everything down to the basics and removed all storage and other devices. I disabled onboard audio, realtek nic, and the ASM1062 SATA controller. Booting from a USB-Stick and running Powertop, it was ~50% C2 and ~50% C3. Never above. I confirmed that all devices supported ASPM using LSPCI and enabled every ASPM power related setting I could find in the bios. I also looked for sneaky overclocking settings but didn't find any enabled. In this config, the power usage was ~20W. Adding the ASM1064 SATA controller and the NVME drives didn't make a significant difference. I've run powertop --auto-tune each time with no appreciable affect.
    
    I then added an Nvidia 1660 Super GPU which I pass through to a lightweight Linux VM. I then run the nvidia drivers with persistence mode and nvidia-smi reports that it's using ~1 Watts. This saves ~10-20W.
    
    Adding ~8 HDD (combo of Western Digital Reds and Seagate Exo drives), the machine idles at ~100W and spends 80% of time in C2.
    
    I then start my main VM and passthrough the SATA controllers. The power usage increases by 30W to 130W and stays there. Powertop on the host shows the package never entering any c-states. I don't have any drive spindown configured.
    
    Not sure if I'm asking something, just sharing my experience. Even if it didn't make a big difference, I certainly learned a few things.
    
    I'm thinking that I may migrate from the VM to a Linux LXC container on the host. I'm wondering if the VM is somehow affecting power management. Thanks again for the very detailed and interesting writeup!
35. Daniel on January 13, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hello, sharing my "just installed" experience
    
    Corsair SFX SF450 Platinum
    ASRock Z690-ITX
    Corsair DDR4 2*16GB 3200 MHz
    2 Samsung NVMe 980 Pro 1TB on board miniPCIe (ZFS Mirror)
    1 Samsung EVO 870 2TB on board SATA (ext4)
    I5-12400 stepping H0
    Realtek 2.5G disabled
    1 Noctua Fan on CPU (92mm)
    Proxmox 8.1 (1 Docker LXC running with plex)
    No Screen attached, no keyboard, no mouse
    BIOS loaded with ASRock default parameter + Audio/Wifi disabled, ASPM enabled everywhere
    
    Idle Consumption at the wall = 18W
    Powertop says | Pkg C2 28%, C3 64% | Core CPU C7 97%
36. UnraidUser on January 22, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hi @MattGadient, thanks for your awesome post. I wanted to ask you if you could provide the version of powertop and also the linux kernel version you used. Me and other guys in the Unraid community noticed that powertop is not showing any pkg c-state and also core c_state show ACPI which according to github, this happens when c-state is not correctly read from powertop. Thanks for your support
    • Matt Gadient on January 22, 2024 - click here to reply

      On my 2 systems running the Intel i3-12100/i5-12400, PowerTOP 2.14 on kernel 6.1, and PowerTOP 2.15 on kernel 6.5.
      • Anonymous on January 24, 2024 - click here to reply

        Thanks for your answer, it seems that even if ACPI is shown the cpu can still reach lower C-states. I don't know if you are expert of Unraid, but basically I have a couple of NVMEs crucial P3 that are formatted as a mirror ZFS and on these drives I have all the folders/volumes etc. for the docker containers. Do you think that if these SSDs are running the entire day they can never allow the CPU to go to lower C-states?
        Anyway, I enabled everything in ASPM page of my motherboard (Asus Pro WS W680-ACE IPMI), the only thing that I noticed that it reset to Auto every time is the Native Aspm (when Enabled it should add OS ASPM support) but every time I enter the BIOS I see it set on Auto. DO you have any clue?
        When I run this command, this is the actual status of the devices:

         lspci -vv | awk '/ASPM/{print $0}' RS= | grep --color -P '(^[a-z0-9:.]+|ASPM )'
        
        0000:00:1b.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 7ac0 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #17, Speed 8GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <1us, L1 <4us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L0s L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk-
        0000:00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-S PCH PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 8GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-S PCH PCI Express Root Port #2 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #2, Speed 8GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 7abb (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #4, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-S PCH PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #5, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:00:1d.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-S PCH PCI Express Root Port #9 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #9, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <1us, L1 <4us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L0s L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk-
        0000:02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation Ethernet Controller I226-LM (rev 06)
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <4us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:03:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation Ethernet Controller I226-LM (rev 06)
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <4us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:04:00.0 PCI bridge: ASPEED Technology, Inc. AST1150 PCI-to-PCI Bridge (rev 06) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 5GT/s, Width x1, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <32us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:06:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP107 [GeForce GTX 1050] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <16us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        0000:06:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP107GL High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Exit Latency L0s <512ns, L1 <4us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM L0s L1 Enabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e0:06.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 12th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x4 Controller #0 (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #5, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <16us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e0:1a.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Alder Lake-S PCH PCI Express Root Port #25 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #25, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e0:1b.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Device 7ac4 (rev 11) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
                        LnkCap: Port #21, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e1:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Micron/Crucial Technology P2 [Nick P2] / P3 / P3 Plus NVMe PCIe SSD (DRAM-less) (rev 01) (prog-if 02 [NVM Express])
                        LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 unlimited
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e2:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Phison Electronics Corporation E12 NVMe Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 02 [NVM Express])
                        LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 <64us
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+
        10000:e3:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Micron/Crucial Technology P2 [Nick P2] / P3 / P3 Plus NVMe PCIe SSD (DRAM-less) (rev 01) (prog-if 02 [NVM Express])
                        LnkCap: Port #1, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM L1, Exit Latency L1 unlimited
                        LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, Disabled- CommClk+

        • Matt Gadient on January 24, 2024 - click here to reply

          I haven't used unraid, but I'll answer what I can based on my generic Linux experience. On the first question, it depends what you mean by "SSDs running the entire day". Constant disk activity will prevent it from moving to better C-states. If you mean the disks sitting idle with ASPM disabled as they appear to be, the degree to which C-states are impacted seem to vary by device and unfortunately I don't recall having tested the P3 with ASPM completely disabled.
          
          As to the BIOS, my guess is that "Native ASPM" Auto/Enabled probably result in the same thing anyway. You could try setting "Native ASPM" to Disabled to try and force your BIOS settings on the OS, then see whether "lspci" reports an improvement on any of 8 entries that currently say "ASPM Disabled" - however you should probably make sure you have external backups just in case the kernel has intentionally disabled it on your system for reasons pertaining to data loss. I'm not sure what your ASPEED AST1150 bridge runs, but since ASPM seems to be disabled on it, I wouldn't be surprised if any devices downstream from it might be disabled too.
          
          When troubleshooting you may find it useful to change 1 BIOS setting at a time between rebooting/testing. If you can't get PowerTOP to tell you anything (even via something like a Ubuntu Live DVD), your next best bet is probably going to be to just use a Kill A Watt device to measure the impact of your changes.
37. Maria on January 26, 2024 - click here to reply

    Vielen Dank für den überragenden Artikel.
    Was halten Sie von dem Board: ASRock PG Riptide Intel Z690 So. 1700 Dual Channel DDR4 ATX Retail
    
    Da ich 8 SATA Anschlüsse hätte, würde ich keine weitere PCIe Karte mehr benötigen (bis auf weiteres). Dazu den i5 12400F mit vorhandenen HDD'S und SSDs
    
    In meinem Office Rechner mit MSI Mainboard habe ich keine einzige der C-State, Energiesparmodi oder sontige Einstellungen wie hier erwähnt. Liegt das an MSI oder an dem Board selbst? Ist ein B450M PRO-VDH MAX (MS-7A38).
    
    Bin für jede Hilfe und jeden KommThank you for the excellent article.
    What do you think about the board: ASRock PG Riptide Intel Z690 So. 1700 Dual Channel DDR4 ATX Retail
    
    Since I would have 8 SATA ports, I wouldn't need another PCIe card (until further notice). Plus the i5 12400F with existing HDDs and SSDs
    
    In my office computer with MSI mainboard I don't have any of the C-State, energy saving modes or other settings as mentioned here. Is this due to MSI or the board itself? It is a B450M PRO-VDH MAX (MS-7A38).
    
    Thanks for any help and comments :)entar dankbar :)
    • Matt Gadient on January 26, 2024 - click here to reply

      So far nobody in the comments has managed better than C3 using an ASRock 600/700-series motherboard, with 15-20W being the typical idle power consumption reported in a minimal configuration.
      
      Not sure on the B450M motherboard you mentioned, though it's an AMD motherboard and I only have a couple B550 boards so not a lot of experience with them. You might have a really basic toggle called "Global C-State Control" although you may have to dig through all the menu items to find it. Depending on the CPU, if you're using Linux, newer kernels in the 6.x line support different amd_pstate scaling drivers which may have a positive overall power benefit.
    • baegopooh on February 6, 2024 - click here to reply

      AMD only allow c1,c2 and c6 and powertop show c6 as c3(afaik)
38. Maria on January 30, 2024 - click here to reply

    Many thanks for the answer. 15-20W is of course not 7W ;)
    Now a colleague has bought a mini PC and installed Unraid. This with an m.2 to SATA adapter and therefore has 6 SATA ports. This would probably also be available with 2x m.2, so that 2 Ryzer cards could be installed.
    
    https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B0BCVCWWF3/ https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B0BWYXLNFT/
    
    Consumption without any settings with 2 docks and 2x VM is approx. 9W in idle mode. 5 HDDs are connected.
    
    The idea is that there is a mobile CPU behind it and you can find something like that. Do you have any experience? The results look good and the performance should be sufficient.
    • Matt Gadient on January 30, 2024 - click here to reply

      An M.2 SATA adapter in a Mini PC like that is something I've thought about but haven't attempted. If planning to run drives internally, the biggest consideration for me aside from space and heat is how they'd be powered - a Mini PC with an internal SATA connector might be a simple way to power a few drives via a power splitter depending on drive consumption.
      
      I'd expect CPU performance to be completely fine for most tasks.
      • Maria on January 30, 2024 - click here to reply

        My colleague has solved it as follows:
        - The Mini PC has its own power supply and the HDDs are supplied via a 2nd Pico PSU with 160W. He has an empty NAS enclosure, but the two fans alone consume an additional 11W, so he'll take another look at that.
        
        My idea was to open the Mini PC and install everything, including the HDD, in my ATX case. 1 or 2 Nactua fans, turned down considerably and then use the power supply with an existing ATX power supply, in addition to the Pico PSU for the Mini PC.
39. Daniel on January 31, 2024 - click here to reply

    === I have an Intel NUC11-ATKPE002 ===
    
    Hardware:
    * CPU Alder Lake N6005
    * Samsung 980 1TB
    * 32 GB SO-DIMM
    * 1 Gb/s network
    
    Software
    * Proxmox 8
    * LXC Home-Assistant
    * LXC Plex (I915 hardware transcoding)
    * LXC dokuwiki
    * LXC fileserve (smbd,filebrowser,vsftpd)
    * LXC Syncthing
    * LXC mosquitto
    * LXC heimdall
    * LXC gotify
    * LXC rtsptoweb
    * LXC esphome
    etc..
    
    RUNNING 24/7
    
    Consumption measured at the wall (mostly idle): 7 watts
    
    === I also have a home build 'pseudo NAS' based on AsRock Z690 ===
    
    * CPU I5-12400
    * 2 NVMe 1TB
    * 8 hard disks ZFS Raidz2
    * Proxmox 8
    * 2.5 Gb/s network to my Desktop PC
    
    Consumption measured at the wall (mostly idle): 70 watts
    
    RUNNING ON-DEMAND
    
    === Switch 8 ports ===
    
    Consumption : 8 watts
    
    === my current experiment ===
    
    For a home usage, I do not to run my 'pseudo NAS' 24/7 but only on request
    
    I have installed debian wakeonlan on the NUC11, then
    When needed (either on schedule or manuel request) I can run
    
    * wakeonlan [MAC-ADDRESS-Z690] to wakeup the NAS
    * systemctl suspend [PSEUDO-NAS-Z7690] to put the NAS in sleep mode
    
    All this work pretty well
    I am working on a graphical interface in Home-Assistant which will also monitor the consumption
    
    This a the best compromise I have found: NAS, low consumption, home automation)
40. Kenny on February 1, 2024 - click here to reply

    It'd love to follow posts like this in RSS, but I don't see a feed (or a way to email you directly either). Here's hoping you add one.
41. Dave on February 1, 2024 - click here to reply

    Thanks to everyone for all the great info on this page. It was a big help. I found a nice low power itx configuration with a core desktop processor, so I thought I would share out my configuration and results to help others. My use case is not the same as some of the above, but might be useful to some.
    
    Idle power: ~5.3 watts
    
    Hardware:
    * ASUS PRIME H610I-PLUS D4
    * Intel Core i3-12100
    * Crucial RAM 32GB DDR4 2666 MHz CL19 CT32G4DFD8266
    * SAMSUNG 980 PRO SSD 2TB NVMe
    * PicoPSU-150-XT
    * Noctua NH-L9i-17xx, Low-Profile CPU Cooler
    * Noctua NF-A8 PWM, Case Fan
    Software:
    * BIOS 3010
    * Ubuntu 22.04.3 Server (running from a USB thumb drive)
    BIOS Settings:
    * EZ System Tuning set to: “Power Saving” (this automagically set all the needed BIOS settings)
    * PL1/PL2 set to 35/69 watts. (because of tight enclosure and the low power pico-psu)
    Software Settings (set from the attached TV console display)
    * powertop --auto-tune
    * setterm -blank 1
    
    Measured at the wall with a kill-a-watt. The reading mostly hangs out between 5.1 and 5.5 watts. The power measurement is taken once the console screen blanks. Package C-State are gathered through ssh. The processor spends most of the time in package C-state C10 (~90%).
    
    Some benefits to this configuration:
    * Very nice idle power
    * Simple BIOS configuration.
    * PCIe 4.0 x16 slot for potential upgrades/expansion (however, using it looks like it might mess up the low idle power)
    
    Some drawbacks to this configuration:
    * 1GbE vs 2.5GbE
    * The picoPSU has a 4 pin power connector, the board wants an 8 pin power connector (internet research indicates this is OK for low power situations)
    * Single M.2 slot. PCIe 3.0 x4 mode
    
    I had wanted 2.5GbE. When I hit critical mass in the house for 2.5GbE, I’ll probably play around with a 2.5GbE card in the PCIe 4.0 x16 slot.
    
    Other Info:
    * The magic “Power Saving” BIOS setting didn’t turn on “Native ASPM”. However, turning it on didn’t make a difference.
    * Disabling the WIFI/Bluetooth module in the BIOS didn’t make a difference.
    • Rusty on February 12, 2024 - click here to reply

      Thanks for your build. I copied what you got as (imitation is the best form of flattery!). Where did you change the BIOS PL1/PL2? Here's what I changed:
      OS: Unraid on USB
      PSU: RM850x (2021) as it is very efficient as low loads.
      Disks: added 2x12TB WD Red Plus NAS Drives alongside the NVMe
      RAM: 1x32GB 3400MHz DDR4 (salavaged from current PC)
      Fans: Intel stock CPU fan + case fans from the Fractal Node 304 case at low speed.
      
      My idle wattage measured from my UPS is ~21W, with Linux ISOs seeding on one HDD and the other drive in standby mode. They are clearly adding a lot of wattage to the build. I set the parity drive to only spin up when syncing nvme cache to data drive once a day (at least this is how I plan for it to function...), and the CPU is plenty fast for watching Creative Commons Licensed films. At any rate, 21W is nice for my first seedbox :D
      
      
      This PSU Efficiency spreadsheet should be useful for people here! Data was taken from cybernetics:
      https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TnPx1h-nUKgq3MFzwl-OOIsuX_JSIurIq3JkFZVMUas
42. IrishMarty on February 8, 2024 - click here to reply

    Really nice article. Low power builds are now an absolute neccesity for me here in the UK. I'm trying to do an ITX build but your results on the CPU connected PCIe slot concerns me. Will have to keep researching.
43. etnicor on February 15, 2024 - click here to reply

    Don't know if it's of an interest.
    I was able to get the asmedia 1166 to run on the pcie x16 slot and use m2 slot connected to cpu and get to c8.
    
    Had to mod the Asus bios to get access to root port settings. Disabled Multi-VC on root port 1 and can now use the x16 slot and I am getting down to c8 cpu package state. I get to c8 when using m2 slot connected to cpu at the same time aswell.
    
    Simplified steps:
    Desoldred BIOS from motherboard
    Dump bios with an ch341 3.3v programmer
    modded BIOS with opensource UEFI-Editor and "unhidden" root port settings.
    Flashed BIOS
    resolder back.
    
    My motherboard is an ASUS PRIME B760M-A D4, but it should be the same on Prime H770-Plus D4 .
    
    Will have to thank Intel support for suggesting disabling Multi-VC, wouldn't have figured out that myself.
    • Matt Gadient on February 15, 2024 - click here to reply

      Very interesting. Thanks for sharing.
44. Marcin on February 23, 2024 - click here to reply

    Thanks for the writeup! I built a similar config and was able to reach 10.5W at idle (would be lower with a better PSU) but I'm pretty happy. Power consumption was measured with a Shelly Plug S.
    
    CPU: i5-14500
    MB: Asus Z790-P D4 (Got this one as a customers return for the same price as the H770-P D4, and as you said it has an extra PCIe 4.0 x4)
    RAM: 4x 8Gb (no XMP) => will be replaced by 2x 32Gb
    NVMe: Sabrent Rocket 1TB PCIe 3.0
    PSU: Seasonic Focus GX-550
    
    This was tested on TrueNas Scale 23.10.2 and Ubuntu Server 23.10. For both of them, I grabbed the Realtek driver
    
    A few observations:

    • With the Z790-P D4 I can use the CPU connected NVMe slot without any impact to CPU states. I need to test if the PCIe 5.0 slots can also be used without any BIOS modding
    • Plugging any kind of USB device on the motherboard (keyboard, USB dongle) adds 5W
    • The PSU I'm using right now is pretty horrible for low loads: 60% at 10W and 71% at 20W. With a better PSU (81% eff) this build would get down to 7.8W
    • Using 'consoleblank' didn't seem to have an effect on RC6. It always reported 0% in powertop. More testing needed here
    • Daniel on February 24, 2024 - click here to reply

      Are you sure that any kind of USB device adds 5W? Can you please check the communication speed, with 'usb-devices', for example?
      • Marcin on February 25, 2024 - click here to reply

        Hi Daniel!
        
        Yes I am sure. When I connected my Logitech MX Keys usb2.0 dongle on the motherboard, the power consumption on the shelly went from 10.5 to 15-16W. If I remember correctly, it was messing with CPU C-states (i.e. no longer going into C6, C8).
        
        I have only tested with USB2.0 devices on the ports attached to the motherboard (on the rear I/O). USB2.0 devices weren't even recognized in non USB2.0 ports.
        My theory is BIOS and/or drivers for the USB controller. Since I'm not using any kind of USB in normal operation, I didn't investigate further. I'm now back on TrueNas and it's stuck with powertop 2.14 which doesn't support my CPU so C-state reporting is broken.
        
        For info, I'm running BIOS version 1611 and Intel ME 16.1.30.2307v4.
        
        As for the other tests:

        • 'consoleblank' did actually have an effect on RC6. I just wasn't looking at the right place. The iGPU was 100% in RC6.
        • I can also use the CPU-connected PCIe 5.0 port while still reaching C8 with some caveats: C6-C8 were hovering around 10-20%. I only tested this with an Arc A750 because it's the only PCIe device I currently have. Possibly, the card itself is to blame here so I'll retest this once I have an ASM1166
        • Daniel on February 26, 2024 - click here to reply

          I'm asking because I noticed something similar on B660 and B760 boards, but only with 12 Mbps USB devices and I'm curious if this also applies to Z690/Z790.
45. Michael on February 28, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hello Matt,
    Congratulations on the well-founded and time-consuming article. The best source I could find here on the net on the subject, especially regarding the technical background. I've jumped on the bandwagon and will report back ;-)
    
    One short question remains: Is there an exact specification of which Kingston HyperX memory was used? What role does RAM play in power consumption?
    
    Thanks again and best regards,
    Michael
    • Matt Gadient on February 28, 2024 - click here to reply

      I don't have the model numbers of the sticks I used during the test (and different memory is being used at the moment). As to the power consumption I didn't A/B test - the last time I went out of my way to deliberately try to gauge power consumption of RAM was in a laptop with DDR4 SODIMMs where according to "Intel Power Gadget" a 8GB stick used 0.15W idle and 1.67W gaming, and a 16GB stick used 0.29W idle and 2.18W gaming, but I assume those were likely estimates - if curious, you can find details about that near the end of the following page: https://mattgadient.com/faster-gaming-on-intel-uhd-620-kaby-lake-r-by-upgrading-ram/
      • Michael on February 29, 2024 - click here to reply

        Thank you very much for the detailed answer. I'll get started and report back on what I've achieved.
        The question remains as to which hard disks enable C10. There really isn't much to be found on the net. Do you have any experience with 3.5" Seagate Exos disks? The Toshibas seem to work. Thank you
        • Matt Gadient on February 29, 2024 - click here to reply

          The following 3.5" Seagate 10TB SATA drives are all currently working for me with C10. Seagate Exos X16 (ST10000NM001G), Seagate Ironwolf Pro (ST10000NE0008), Seagate Barracuda (ST10000DM0004). So far there haven't been any Seagate drives that have caused me problems with C10.
46. Paul on March 8, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hello!
    Is it lottery which stepping of 12400 I will get when buying one from retail shops? I heard C0 stepping consumes more at idle than H0 stepping.
    Also wanted to ask, if 12600 could be a good alternative?
    • Matt Gadient on March 8, 2024 - click here to reply

      At a retail store if you look at the S-spec on the box label (or the CPU itself), it should be a situation where SRL4V=C0 and SRL5Y=H0 for the 12400. A number of comments have indicated that chips with E-Cores haven't incurred a negative power cost for them though. As to other models, can't say with certainty regarding the 12600 but at least a couple people in the comments have used the i5-13500 successfully at low power (and it contains E-Cores).
      • Paul on March 12, 2024 - click here to reply

        Thanks for the info about 12400 steppings!
        I am considering 12600 since it has a more powerful iGPU than 12400. Both CPUs are 6P cores +0E cores.
        Do you know if 12600 also has different steppings?
        • Matt Gadient on March 12, 2024 - click here to reply

          Not sure on this.
47. Michael on March 27, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hello Matt,
    Your article and comments are a real treasure. Thanks to everyone who has contributed so much. I would like to share my experience briefly:
    
    ASUS Prime H770-Plus D4 + i5-12400 H0 + 2x16GB Kingston DDR4-3200 Kingston Fury Beast + Samsung 970 Evo Plus
    Without keyboard and HDMI
    Powertop 2.14 (--auto-tune)
    
    Ubuntu Server 23.04 Kernel 6.2.0-20 (new, no updates):
    6-7 watts (mainly C10)
    
    Note: If HDMI is connected (+2-3 watts) and Logitech MX Bluetooth receiver +4-5 watts = 7-8 watts for headless operation)
    
    Upgrade additionally 2xSamsung EVO 970: 7-8 watts
    Upgrade additionally 4xSeagate X20 9-10 Watt (sleep mode)
    Upgrade 2x14mm fan 12-13 watts (lowest level)
    
    Just under 13 watts with 2xNVME and 4x3.5" is not a bad value (C10 at 90%).
    
    After a kernel update to 6.2.0-39, C10 is no longer possible, the system only goes up to C3 and consumes 21 watts.
    Obviously Realtek-associated. The manual setting of
    setpci -s 00:1c.2 0x50.B=0x42
    setpci -s 04:00.0 0x80.B=0x42
    
    fortunately leads back to the C10 status and thus 12-13 watts again
    
    Similar behavior with Ubuntu Server 23.10 Kernel 6.5.x 16-18 watts (mostly C3) ...
    
    I tried Unraid (6.1.74) as a test. The system is not quite as economical, hangs at 16 watts, even after manually setting the ASPM states via setpci (see above) ... Ubuntu has a few watts less, you'll have to do some research.
    
    In any case, building and researching was a lot of fun, the old Synology consumes many times more than the new system.
    Thanks again Matt and everyone else.
48. Alexander on March 27, 2024 - click here to reply

    Hi! Read all comments, but cannot find clear answer...
    My ASRock B760M Pro RS/D4 struggle with 13500 c-states (maximum c3) and 20w idle power on clean proxmox.
    I tested it with Arc a380 and none of recipes from internet worked, it draws 20w idle :facepalm:
    
    Please recommend mATX motherboard for 13500,
    It would be perfect if mb also will support pcie bifurcation (x8x4x4)
49. kihoon on April 8, 2024 - click here to reply

    I'm reading this from far away in Korea, and I think it will be very helpful for my NAS configuration, thank you.
    I have a question. Is there any difference in power consumption between the H610, B660, and B760? Also, if I connect a GPU to PCIe, will I only have an inefficient C2 state?
50. cromo on April 12, 2024 - click here to reply

    I attempted to repurpose an HP Z2 G9 workstation motherboard, which is W680 and supports ECC, but not without power efficiency issues. I explained it in details here: https://forums.servethehome.com/index.php?threads/a-cost-effective-intel-w680-ecc-server-repurposing-an-hp-z2-g9-motherboard.43943/
    
    Log story short, I am having a problem with the first PCI slot reducing the C states to 2 with a GPU installed. Otherwise, with 2 x Lexar 1TB NVMEs and 64 GB memory, I am seeing power consumption as low as 4.5-6W with it 12600k, which is astonishing.
51. Anonymous on April 13, 2024 - click here to reply

    Great article. Really good read.
52. Martin on April 20, 2024 - click here to reply

    Interesting read, comments on the article were thoughtfull. ;)